Des livres et ressources sur les mots et la politique.
Les mots verts, pour une écologie du langage // Noel Mamère et Stéphanie Bonefille // L’aube, 2016
«Pour analyser la vie politique, il ne suffit pas d’étudier le comportement rationnel des acteurs, comme le fait le plus souvent la science politique, mais il faut prendre en compte des éléments aussi cruciaux que le langage, les récits et les interventions dans l’espace public. Les campagnes électorales mettent en jeu désormais des actes de langage (…)», affirme Christian Salmon, dans la préface des Mots verts, pour une écologie du langage.
Fabriques de la langue // Kostas Nassikas, Emmanuelle Prak-Derrington et Caroline Rossi // Presses Universitaires de France, 2012
Où et comment se fabrique la langue ? Quels sont les lieux où elle se crée, se recrée et se modifie constamment ? L’originalité de cet ouvrage est d’ouvrir, à partir de ces questions, le champ d’une réflexion commune aux psychanalystes, linguistes, philosophes et créateurs littéraires dont les propositions sont ici mises en dialogue. Le mot « fabriques » que nous employons ici plonge ses racines dans la caractéristique principale de l’Homo faber : en créant et en construisant ses outils d’intervention sur son environnement physique l’homme se façonne un environnement humain. Le terme suggère donc aussi que l’Homo se construit dans un mouvement conjoint de modification de son environnement et de création d’un environnement.
https://www.cairn.info/fabriques-de-la-langue–9782130591269.htm
Don’t Think of an Elephant: Know Your Values and Frame the Debate. // George Lakoff // Chelsea Green Publishing, 2004
After “Don’t Think of an Elephant” was published, you got a lot of attention but your message really didn’t sink in. I think it was largely because of what you said above — what you were saying simply didn’t fit into the Enlightenment worldview that Democratic elites took for granted from their education When I started teaching framing the first thing I would tell the class is “Don’t think of an elephant,” and of course, they think of an elephant. I wrote a book on it because the point is, if you negate a frame, you have to activate the frame, because you have to know what you’re negating. If you use logic against something, you’re strengthening it. And that lesson was not understood. So if people think in terms of logic – it’s a mistake that’s made every day on MSNBC – you go on there and you’ll get people saying, “Well, you know, Trump said this, and some Republicans said that and Jeff Sessions said this and here are the facts that show they’re wrong.” You just keep repeating the things that you’re negating. And that just strengthens them.
http://www.chelseagreen.com/elephant
Information Disorder // Council of Europe, Harvard Kennedy School of governement Shorenstein Center on Media, Politics and Public Policy
This report is an attempt to comprehensively examine information disorder and its related challenges, such as filter bubbles and echo chambers. While the historical impact of rumours and fabricated content have been well documented, we argue that contempor ary social technology means that we are witnessing something new: information pollution at a global scale; a complex web of motivations for creating, disseminating and consuming these ‘polluted’ messages; a myriad of content types and techniques for amplifying content; innumerable platforms hosting and reproducing this content; and breakneck speeds of communication between trusted peers.
To effectively tackle the problems of mis-, dis- and mal-information, we need to work together on the following fronts:
- Definitions. Think more critically about the language we use so we can effectively capture the complexity of the phenomenon;
- Implications for democracy. Properly investigate the implications for democracy when false or misleading information circulates online;
- Role of television. Illuminate the power of the mainstream media, and in particular television, in the dissemination and amplification of poor-quality information that originates online;
- Implications of weakened local media. Understand how the collapse of local journalism has enabled mis-and dis-information to take hold, and find ways to support local journalism;
- Micro-targeting. Discern the scale and impact of campaigns that use demographic profiles and online behavior to micro-target fake or misleading information
- Computational amplification. Investigate the extent to which influence is bought through digital ‘astroturfing’—the use of bots and cyborgs to manipulate the outcome of online petitions, change search engine results and boost certain messages on social media;
- Filter bubbles and echo chambers. Consider the implications of the filter bubbles and echo chambers that have emerged because of media fragmentation, both offline (mediated via partisan talk radio and cable news) and online (mediated via hyper-partisan websites, algorithmically derived feeds on social networks and radical communities on WhatsApp, Reddit and 4chan.)
- Declining trust in evidence. Understand the implications of different communities failing to share a sense of reality based on facts and expertise.
In this report, we refrain from using the term ‘fake news’, for two reasons. First, it is woefully inadequate to describe the complex phenomena of information pollution. The term has also begun to be appropriated by politicians around the world to describe news organisations whose coverage they find disagreeable. In this way, it’s becoming a mechanism by which the powerful can clamp down upon, restrict, undermine and circumvent the free press. We therefore introduce a new conceptual framework for examining information disorder, identifying the three different types: mis-, dis- and mal-information.
https://shorensteincenter.org/information-disorder-framework-for-research-and-policymaking/